Appendix+8

A shark is a type of fish that lives in the sea. It is one of the largest sea creatures. There are over 350 species. A shark is shaped like a torpedo. It has rough skin like sandpaper. Instead of bones it has elastic cartilage which helps them to move easily. It can grow up to 8 metres.
 * **A SHARK**

Sharks are found in all oceans around the world. The type of shark found will depend on the water’s temperature. A shark has to keep moving when it is asleep because it will either sink or suffocate. It has to keep moving because it needs to breathe through its gills to keep alive.

When sharks are hungry, they look for food. Different sharks eat different food. Harmless sharks eat plankton but harmful sharks eat meat.

Sharks have up to forty two babies (which are called pups) at a time. When the pups are born, they leave straight away because the mother shark does not have teats. Some sharks have their pups in different ways, some lay eggs while others have them alive. When they are born they need to defend themselves because they have no one to help them.

(Board of Studies, 2007, p. 227) || **TOOGONG**

Today I am going to speak to you about a small rural community called Toogong where my grandparents live.

Toogong is an Aboriginal name which is said to mean ‘a smoky fire near water’ in the Wiradjuri language. It was probable a favourite hunting and camping place for Aboriginal people before the European people came to Australia.

Toogong is located over the Blue Mountains about 320 kilometres west of Sydney. The Boree Creek runs through Toogong on its way to Lachlan River. Mount Canobolas stands out as a landmark. It is an extinct volcano and the highest mountain west of the Blue Mountains. When it was active the volcano lava flowed down the Boree Creek and that is why the land is fertile near Toogong.

The main products from the farms around Toogong are wheat, oats and canola. Sheep and cattle are also fattened to sell for meat. More recently, grapes and olives are also important enterprises.

(Droga and Humphrey, 2003, p. 136) ||
 * **TRIANGLES**

A triangle is a geometric shape with three sides and three angles.

An isosceles triangle has two sides and angles that are the same and one that is different. A right angled triangle has a 90 degree angle.

A scalene triangle has no sides or angles the same.

In an equilateral triangle all the sides and angles are the same.

(Droga and Humphrey, 2003, p. 135) || **PENGUINS**

Penguins are flightless birds and there is more than one specie.

There are seventeen species of penguins. They include the Rock hopper, Adelie, Macoroni, Chinstrap, Gentoo, Emperor, King and Royal Penguins.

Penguins have many different features. The Adelie Penguin has a white ring around its eye. Mostly penguins are black and white. They have short, thick feathers and a layer of blubber to keep them warm. They use their streamline bodies to help them swim better.

Penguins live 75% in the sea and 25% in the water. They lay eggs and raise young on the land. In the water they use their feet and tail to help them steer and wings as modified flippers. ||